Biodistribution and Imaging of The 99mTc-Glutathione Radiopharmaceutical in White Rats Induced with Cancer

99mTc-glutathione (99mTc-GSH) is a radiopharmaceuticalwhich is potentially used as a cancer diagnostic kit. As with other radiopharmaceuticals, before applied in humans, including in clinical trials, 99mTc-GSH needs to go through a series of preclinical trials in animal first. The preclinical trial which has been done in this study is the evaluation of the biological test on biodistribution and imaging of white rats (Rattus norvegicus) which had been induced with cancer. The aims of this research were to obtain data on biodistribution and to image the biodistribution of 99mTc-GSH at 1 hour, 3 hours, and 24 hours post-injection. Biodistribution resultsof 99mTc-GSHin the cancer at the timesof 1 hour, 3 hours, and 24 hours after injection were 0.66% ID/g, 0.95% ID/g, and 0.06% ID/g, respectively. This result shows that the highest accumulation of 99mTc-GSH in canceroccur at 3 hours post-injection. This value indicates that the optimal accumulation of the 99mTc-GSH occur in this time interval.In addition, the results of imaging test also show that the accumulation capacity of 99mTc-GSHin cancer is also highest at 3 hours post-injection.Received:16 January 2013; Revised:15 October 2013; Accepted: 16 October 201

Perancangan Knowledge Management System pada IT Bina Nusantara Menggunakan Blog, Wiki, Forum dan Document

This research purpose is to design a Knowledge Management System (KMS) in Bina Nusantara IT to facilitate knowledge sharing and knowledge management dashboard view to see the development of employee knowledge achieved in KMS. The high turnover rate caused the walkout knowledge. The knowledge is not well structured so that employees often have difficulty in searching for knowledge. Methods of the research conducted by the method of Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), model iterations. The next step is formulating a study literature to find references to these problems. Then do a system design in the form of UML diagrams user interface and database. The results achieved in the form of KMS-based design to support knowledge sharing among IT BINUS employees. The conclusion from this study is that spread knowledge can be identified, stored and reused. Through this system, documentation of knowledge is optimized so that it can be a solution for walkout knowledge. There are a variety of KM applications in the system, such as Blog, Wiki, Forum, and Document

Karakteristik Fisiko-kimia Dan Bioafinitas 99mtc-glukosa-6-fosfat Terhadap Jaringan Tumor Dalam Hewan Model

KARAKTERISTIK FISIKO-KIMIA DAN BIOAFINITAS 99mTc-GLUKOSA-6-FOSFATTERHADAP JARINGAN TUMOR DALAM HEWAN MODEL. Senyawa bertanda 99mTc-glukosa-6-fosfat apabila disuntikkan ke dalam tubuh manusia akan terakumulasi di dalam jaringan atauorgan yang tingkat metabolismenya relatif lebih cepat atau lebih tinggi seperti halnya sel-selkanker atau tumor Maligna dari pada organ atau jaringan lainnya yang normal, sehingga dapatdigunakan untuk mendeteksi keberadaan dan viabilitas sel-sel Maligna di dalam tubuh manusia.Telah dikembangkan metode baku preparasi kit-kering glukosa-6-fosfat yang akanmenghasilkan kit-diagnostik yang memenuhi persyaratan. Karakteristik fisiko-kimia 99mTcglukosa-6-fosfat yang ditentukan meliputi kemurnian radiokimia menggunakan metodekromatografi kertas dan lapis tipis, lipofilisitas menggunakan metode partisi n-oktanol/air,besarnya ikatan dengan protein plasma ditentukan dengan metode pengendapanmenggunakan larutan TCA 20 %, muatan listrik menggunakan metode elektroforesis kertas.Stabilitas sediaan baik berupa kit-kering maupun senyawa bertanda ditentukan dengan metodekromatografi. Adapun tingginya afinitas terhadap sel kanker dibuktikan dengan menyuntikkansenyawa tersebut ke dalam tubuh hewan model yang mempunyai jaringan tumor artifisial didalam tubuhnya. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa kit kering glukosa-6-fosfat stabil sampai 20minggu pada penyimpanan di lemari es (4 oC), sedangkan senyawa bertanda 99mTc-glukosa-6-fosfat stabil pada temperatur kamar sampai 2 jam setelah penandaan dengan kemurnianradiokimia yang diperoleh sebesar 94,4 ± 2,25 %. Radioaktivitas dari 99mTc-perteknetat yangdapat ditambahkan ke dalam kit-kering tersebut sekitar 5-30 mCi dengan volume tidak lebih dari3 mL. Senyawa bertanda 99mTc-glukosa-6-fosfat mempunyai sifat hidrofilik dengan koefisienpartisi octanol/air (P) sebesar 1,09 ± 0,45 dan tingginya ikatan dengan protein plasma sebesar81,26 ± 12,74 %. Rasio akumulasi pada jaringan tumor (target) terhadap jaringan normal (nontarget)otot dan hati masing-masing sebesar 4 kali (400 %) pada 60 menit pasca injeksi (p.i)dan 2,5 kali (250%) pada 45 menit p.i. Diharapkan senyawa bertanda tersebut dapatmengsubstitusi kebutuhan akan 18FDG-(flouro dioxy glucose bertanda F-18) bagi kedokterannuklir yang tidak memiliki fasilitas cyclotron dan PET yang harganya sangat mahal, untuk dapatmendeteksi adanya tumor

Biodistribution and Imaging of The 99mTc-Glutathione Radiopharmaceutical in White Rats Induced with Cancer

99mTc-glutathione (99mTc-GSH) is a radiopharmaceutical which is potentially used as a cancer diagnostic kit. As with other radiopharmaceuticals, before applied in humans, including in clinical trials, 99mTc-GSH needs to go through a series of preclinical trials in animal first. The preclinical trial which has been done in this study is the evaluation of the biological test on biodistribution and imaging of white rats (Rattus norvegicus) which had been induced with cancer. The aims of this research were to obtain data on biodistribution and to image the biodistribution of 99mTc-GSH at 1 hour, 3 hours, and 24 hours post-injection. Biodistribution results of 99mTc-GSH in the cancer at the times of 1 hour, 3 hours, and 24 hours after injection were 0.66% ID/g, 0.95% ID/g, and 0.06% ID/g, respectively. This result shows that the highest accumulation of 99mTc-GSH in cancer occur at 3 hours post- injection. This value indicates that the optimal accumulation of the 99mTc-GSH occur in this time interval. In addition, the results of imaging test also show that the accumulation capacity of 99mTc-GSH in cancer is also highest at 3 hours post- injection

Efficient and Practical Radiosynthesis of Novel [131I]-Xanthine and [131I]-Hypoxanthine

Natural products (NPs) have been the basis for the discovery and development of pharmacologically relevant drug-related molecules, including radiopharmaceuticals. Xanthine (3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione) and hypoxanthine (1,9-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one) are purine-based natural heterocyclic alkaloids that are generally found in some plants, animals, and the human body (e.g., muscle tissue, blood, and urine). The purpose of this study was to label xanthine and hypoxanthine with radioactive iodine-131 (a theranostic radionuclide) by a direct labeling method using chloramine-T as an oxidizing agent. Several experiments were performed to optimize the labeling efficiency by changing reaction conditions, including the ratio of starting material and chloramine-T, pH, solvent, temperature, and reaction time. Overall, labeling at acidic conditions in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) resulted in considerable low radiochemical yields (RCYs) (< 4.0 %), and therefore the focus was shifted to exploit the alkaline reaction conditions. The optimized reaction condition: pH (10.5-11.0), xanthine:chloramine-T ratio (1:2), reaction temperature (27 ºC), and reaction time (30 min),  provided [131I]-xanthine with a RCY of 65.8 ± 0.1 %. After purification with extraction using chloroform (CHCl2), the radiochemical purity (RCP) of 95.1 % was achieved, as indicated by radio-thin layer chromatography (radio-TLC) analysis. In addition, the labeling of hypoxanthine was accomplished in a maximum 60.3 ± 0.2 % RCY, and after purification a RCP of 94.2 % was obtained. The present results provide an efficient and practical labeling method for xanthine and hypoxanthine with iodine-131, suggesting that these radiolabeled compounds can be further investigated in in vitro and in vivo studies for their theranostics potential

A New Disaster Aid Information System Model for Indonesia Red Cross: A Case Study in East Java Province

Humanitarian logistics is a complex system since there are many individuals and institutions should collaborate when a disaster happen. Therefore a good information system will be developed in this research to make the funding and distribution process efficient and effective. The model is developed based on a survey to 101 individuals in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia to know their perception about humanitarian aids. The information model is developed for Indonesia Red Cross since this institution is the most trustworthy institution but only few respondents have donated their donation through this organisation. The model is developed by incorporating convenience store chain since they are good in distribution channel and networking. The system model result in more efficient and effective distribution process